1 It's（系动词,谓语成分） a shame to laugh （动词不定式,固定搭配,it is to do sth）at your friend
2 You must（情态动词） learn（动词,谓语） how to patient（动词不定式,宾语）
3 Madam Curie was the first woman to be awarded the Nobel Prize for science （动词不定式,做定语修饰居里夫人）
4 Our plan is to finish all the work （动词不定式,表语）two days ahead of schedule
5 We had ever heard her sing （更正应该是singing,动词的现在进行时,做宾语补语）like that before
6 Hannah must have deliberately told everyone about my mark after promising not to （省略not to tell everyone,做promise的宾语）
7 The girl kept on practising playing the piano for hours （动名词,做practise的宾语）
8 She could not help wondering who let out the secret （固定搭配 ,can't help doing 表示忍不住）
9 They persuaded him to give up smoking （动词不定式,做宾语补足语,不过更地道的说法应该是persuade him out of smoking）
10 Sarah was determined （更正,这里应该有个to）score good marks in the final exam .（固定搭配,be determined to do,下定决心去做某事）