1、介词词组 能作 表语 状语 定语 补语 等.
如：I'm in surprise.(in surprise.=surprised 作表语)
He is looking at me in surprise.(in surprise.=surprisedly 作状语)
Do you know the boy in surprise?=Do you know the boy who is in surprise?
(in surprise= who is in surprise 作定语)
2.out of breathe 应该是out of breathe.
I am out of breath.中的out of breath是作am的表语.
那么 John ran up out of breath中的out of breath相当于一个副词,所以作状语修饰动词ran up .
因此,介词短语充当什么成分,要看它配什么词用.
若配be或其它联系动词,则作表语；若修饰行为动词,则作状语,若修饰名词,则作定语等等.
Happy Rabbit Year!