句子的成分在英文中句子成分包括：主语、谓语、表语、宾语（直接宾语、间接宾语）、宾语补足语、定语和状语等（一）主语：主语是谓语讲述的对象,表示所说的“是什么”或“是谁”.一般由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词的词或短语来充当.它在句首.如：1. Comrade Chen is a well-known scientist.陈同志是著名的科学家.（名词作主语）2. He reads newspapers every day .他每天读报.（代词作主语）3. Smoking is harmful to the health .吸烟对健康有害.（动名词作主语）4. To swim in Kunming Lake is a great pleasure .在昆明湖里游泳是非常愉快的事.（不定式作主语）5. What we shall do next is not yet decided .下一步我们做什么还没定下来.（主语从句作主语）（二）谓语说明主语“做什么”“是什么”或“怎么样”.谓语（谓语部分里主要的词）必须是动词.谓语和主语在人称和数两方面必须一致.它在主语后面.如：His parents are teachers .（系动词和表语一起作谓语）We study hard . （行为动词作谓语）We have finished reading the book.（助动词和行为动词一起作谓语）He can speak English .（情态动词和行为动词一起作谓语）（三）宾语宾语是动作、行为的对象,由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词的词、短语来担任,它和及物动词一起说明主语做什么.一般放在谓语之后.She is doing her homework now. （名词作宾语）She said （that）she felt sick. （宾语从句做动词宾语）We often help him. （代词作宾语）He likes to play basketball.他喜欢打篮球.（不定式作宾语）We enjoy listening to the music.我们喜欢听音乐.（动名词短语作宾语）说明1：宾语是及物动词涉及到的人或物.宾语一般放在及物动词之后.介词后面的名词或代词或动名词,称为介词宾语.名词、代词、数词常在句中做动词宾语或介词宾语.另外,动词不定式可做动词宾语；动名词和宾语从句也可用做动词宾语.说明2：及物动词作谓语时,后面要跟宾语,宾语分直接宾语和间接宾语.直接宾语是及物动词的直接对象.直接宾语指物.间接宾语通常是及物动词的动作所及的人,间接宾语指人.间接宾语一般放在直接宾语之前.不是所有的及物动词都可以用双宾语.有的动词可以跟,如：give , show （给…看）,bring , pass , buy 等.如：1. Our teacher told us a story .（us为间接宾语）a story为直接宾语.2. The sun gives us light and warmth.（us为间接宾语,light and warmth为直接宾语）3. We sent him a telegram.我们给他打了电报.（him为间接宾语,a telegram为直接宾语）间接宾语如果放在直接宾语之后.在表示“人”的间接宾语之前会出现介词“to”或“for”.在这种情况下,间接宾语前加“to”的有：give , show , send , bring , read , pass , lend , leave （留给）, hand （交给）, tell , return , write , throw （仍）promise（答应）refuse（拒绝）等.for的有：make , buy , do , get , play （演奏）,order （命令）,sing , pay （为…交钱）例如：（1）I gave him a book.改成：I gave a book to him.（2）He passed me the book. （他将书递给我）改成：He passed the book to me.（3）He wrote me a letter.改成：He wrote a letter to me.（4）He will buy me some books.改成：He will buy some books for me.（5）She made me a cake.改成：She made a cake to me.（四）宾语补足语：在某些及物动词后面,需要用一个宾语再加一个宾语的补语才能表达完整的意思.在宾语后面补充说明宾语的动作、状态、特征的成分,称为宾语补足语.名词、形容词、副词、介词短语以及动词不定式,分词等可用做宾语补足语.宾语和宾语补足语称为复合宾语.如:They made her happy . （形容词）I saw her dance. （不定式）We’ll help make the Olympics a success. （名词）Please let him in . （副词）We heard her singing a song. （分词短语）（五）表语：表语说明主语“是什么”或者“怎么样”,由名词、形容词、副词、介词,不定式及相当于名词或形容词或短语来担任.它的位置在系动词后面.如：I am a teacher . （名词）He is always happy. （形容词）They are on the playground now. （介词短语）It gets cold. （形容词）系动词除了有am , is , are 还有get（变得）,sound（听起来）,seem（看起来）feel等特殊的词.如：It sounds interesting. （sound为系动词,interesting为表语）（六）定语定语是用来修饰名词或代词的.形容词、代词、数词、名词、介词短语、不定式或相当于形容词的词或短语等.单词作定语时,通常放在它所修饰的名词之前.如：The black bike is mine. （形容词）这辆黑色的自行车是我的.What’s your name ? （代词）They made paper flowers. （名词）说明1：当定语修饰不定代词如：nothing , anything , everything , something 等时,定语要放在其后作后置定语如：I tell him something interesting .我告诉他一些有趣的事情.（形容词interesting作不定代词something的后置定语）He has something to do .他有一些事情去做（to do 为不定式作后置定语）说明2：短语或从句作定语时,也放在被修饰的名词之后.如：The boys in the room are in Class Four.这间屋子里的男孩子们是4班的.in the room 是介词短语作the boys的后置定语.（七）状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词.一般表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、方式、程度等意义,一般由副词、介词短语、不定式或相当于副词的词或短语来表示.状语一般放在句末,但有的可以放在句首、句中.如：He did it carefully . （副词）We often help him. （副词）Her mother goes out to do some shopping on Sunday . （介词短语）When I grow up , I am going to be a teacher . （从句作时间状语）
麻烦采纳,谢谢!