costly behavior怎么翻译
Social Signaling Hypothesis
People may escalate to the use of NSSI as a means of commu-
nication when less intense strategies (e.g., speaking, yelling)
have failed due to poor signal quality or clarity, or when such
strategies have not produced the desired effect due to an un-
responsive or invalidating environment (Nock, 2008; Wedig &
Nock, 2007). In addition to providing a more intense signal,
NSSI may be especially effective as a means of social commu-
nication and influence precisely because it is a harmful, and thus
costly, behavior (Hagen, Watson, & Hammerstein, 2008; Nock,
2008).