动词后加ing.是动名词,也叫现在分词.比如说swimming,dancing,laughing,singing.
动词后加ed.是过去分词.比如说started,looked,smiled.
词的后缀加ion,sion,tion.是名词.比如direction,fashion,passion.
词的后缀加ful,ish,y.是形容词.比如careful,chidish,lucky.
词的后缀加ly,lly.是副词.比如carefully,silly.
具体的,你可以详细参考一些关于词根的书籍……