带括号的是要解释的成分
主语 subjecte.g. (Tom)is a nauty boy.
谓语 predicate可由行为动词构成 I (bought) a car.
也可由系表结构组成 She (is beautiful).The book (is on the desk).
They (are traitors).
宾语Object 通常是名词或代词 I bought (a car). They are playing (basketball).
表语 predicative 通常是放在联系动词的后面,可以是名词,形容词,介词短语,不定式,分词和从句 eg. She is (a poor girl).
She is (poor).
She is (on the playground).
She is (to go shopping).
She is (having a good time).
The reason he was absent was (that he was ill).
定语attribute 用于修饰名词或代词 (clever) monkey,(my) bike,
(dancing) girl, （the original) one
状语 adverbial 用于修饰动词或形容词或副词 study (well),(a little) cold,(very) fast
补语 complement 用于补充不完整的意思I think it (feasible).(宾补)
They are asked (to defend the country). （主补）
同位语 apositive 是主语的同位成分 American prisident (Obama), professor (Kate)
一般简单的英语句子有以下几种构成方式
主谓SV（subject + verb）He plays. 其中包括主系表Subject+Link verb+predicative
e.g.Leaves turn green.
主谓宾SVO (subject+verb+object)I prefer ice-cream.
主谓宾宾SVOO(subject+verb+indirect object+direct object)He passed me salt.
主谓宾补SVOC(subject+verb+object+complement) The high price makes it (hard to sold).
除了这些句子主干成分外,其他的可以根据其功能去区分.
当然了,还有更复杂的,如从句和悬垂结构等,这只是基本句式.