下面这个句子句末 “to”和“by”具体怎么理解
An important factor in market-oriented economy is the mechanism by which consumer demands can be expressed and responded to by producers.
人气：202 ℃ 时间：2020-07-01 00:38:58
解答
to 是用在responded 之后的,respond to 表示对XX有反应
这里的responded to 和 expressed在句中是并列的成分
by是被动语态,用来连接后面的 producer
整句的后半部分你可以拆开来分析：consumer demands can be expressed by producer+consumer demands can be responded to
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